November Rain :: English Literature Essays

November Rain I pass a shop show and view my appearance in the glass-an all around constructed man of thirty with a tanned composition, dull eyes and hair. I appear to have a specific appeal and effortlessness that can-and does-go down very well with the women. I open the entryway, pull out the seat, purchase the beverages and shock them with endowments. I remain at their pads following a night out; I leave my things there. You could state that I’m only an unhitched male with a desire for living-on the off chance that I wasn’t wedded. I’ve been hitched ten years and it feels like 40. It was extraordinary from the outset evenings out in clubs, at parties, being a tease, prodding and adoring one another, or if nothing else contacting one another. We had no youngsters to hold us down and an entire universe of amusing to understanding. At that point, it halted. I can’t recollect when, where or how. What I cannot deny is that for a long time I’ve been bound to this lady and all the acts of such a beautiful marriage have been attempted and are bored; the emotions not, at this point obvious. She is unexpected with her answers and counters generally and in any case quiet, so we both have appeared to have taken our own practices somewhere else, fallen into another person’s arms and experience similar sentiments once more. I stroll on by, get into my sparkling convertible (which is presently dotted with indications of yet more downpour) and dash away. I step into the corridor of my home in Chicago, Illinois, and into the kitchen. Downpour falls down the windowpane, such has been the situation for quite a bit of Novmber. There is a plate of spaghetti Bolognese looking out ideal for the counter for me. I heat it up, and take it to my examination, letting the smell drift directly past my nose. Turning on the sound system, I settle back in my calfskin, over-padded easy chair with a since quite a while ago, loosened up murmur. The sound system consistently begins on Classic Rock radio broadcast. Hard rock, that’s what I love best. I open the Wall Street Journal, sub-deliberately tuning in to the music out of sight. Euphoria. â€Å"Blackwater shares have†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Music in foundation): â€Å"When I investigate your eyes, I can see an affection limited, yet darlin’ when I hold you, don’t you realize I feel the same†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦I admire see the wellspring of this somewhat natural tune: â€Å"November Rain† by Guns N’ Roses. â€Å"†¦both realize hearts can change, and it’s difficult to hold a flame exposed November rain†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Rammed Earth free essay sample

In spite of Rammed Earths broad use since the beginning, its utilization is as yet not all that well known inside the UK. Explanation behind this is to a great extent because of planners/Builders not thinking enough about the material and adhering to the natural solid, timber and block ways that they know, smashed earth can regularly additionally be seen as having cruder completing and not with regards to the perfect sharp lined completed which are so frequently favored in today’s design Though with the fitting covering clean completes can be accomplished. Working with smashed earth is considered to convey more serious hazard and vulnerability, the material is truly, increasingly fit to bone-dry atmospheres, yet even in bone-dry atmospheres current technique for development utilizing slammed earth are in effect constantly attempted and tried e. g. in Australia. Smashed earth is a totally feasible and great material to be utilized inside the UK †there is a need to move beyond the hesitance to utilize and try different things with it progressively here the atmosphere presents a test which can be won in imaginative manners. We will compose a custom exposition test on Slammed Earth or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page [pic] The Use of Rammed Earth inside the UK

Affordances of an Educational Technology Tool (Blogs) Essay

Affordances of an Educational Technology Tool (Blogs) - Essay Example As the paper stresses Bogging as an ICT apparatus in the math study hall and other scholarly settings, so far as that is concerned, has benefits as â€Å"a strategy for open talk of the data society†.The â€Å"blog† as a device of data and correspondence innovation shows qualities in â€Å"the creative opportunities for intuitive connections among student and the ICT system†¦the blog is a technique for talk and conversation which opens up additional opportunities for representing instructional learning undertakings and encouraging the comprehension and cognizance of scientific phenomena† . As per the report discoveries partaking in ‘collaborative development of knowledge’ is a compelling quality of blogging. The instructional strategy for ‘co-usable learning’ is frequently successfully shown in the ICT learning condition. Blogging offers the open doors for exchange and conversation that are both persuasive and social in instructive setting, including the science homeroom. Formative and intellectual elaborations (from educators and understudies) give the chances and affordances of learning assets and backing, for example The ICT community learning camps. 'Communitarian developments of knowledge’ are the learning results of deductive/inductive rationale, blogging of math hypotheses, blogging on psychological points of view. ICT, with utilization of blogging strategies, â€Å"focuses on joint effort through the PC or PC upheld synergistic learning (CSCL), helped by various system based cooperative devices, inside the math classrooms†.

The Character of Rick Tyler Essay - 825 Words

The Character of Rick Tyler (Essay Sample) Content: StudentProfessorCourseDate The Character of Rick TylerMary Noailles Murfree, the author of the storybook, The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains, seems to reflect the feelings that individuals undergo when they are threatened with dislocation. Written under the pen name Charles Egbert Craddrock, the novel explores the tension that is caused by the encroaching Tennessee state authority on the lives of the mountaineers. It is evident in the fate of Rick Tyler, a young man who is wrongfully accused of murder. The false accusation made Rick flee rather than him sitting back to fight his case. One of the finest actions of Tyler in the novel is the time when he fought with Sherriff. The novel focuses on four main characters Rick Tyler, Greene, Dorinda, and Kelsey. Each of the characters is strong and plays their role perfectly as explored by the author in the novel. The novel begins with a meeting between Tyler and Dorinda, who seem to understand each other. Both are awa re of each other's background and nature (Craddrock, chap. 1). Further, the novel introduces yet another character Kelsey is a religious man. The novel then moves on to the search of Tyler, who is falsely accused of murder. The Sheriff (Cajah Greene) has even issued a reward for whoever manages to capture Tyler. The character that we shall study in this paper is Rick Tyler. We shall first analyze his character before moving further to know what is American about him. First, Rick Tyler is a romantic but not a disillusioned person. From the opening part of the novel, it is evident that he is in love with Dorinda. However, he is not a patient type of person, as jealous befalls him about Kelsey's presence in Dorinda's house. He knows that Kelsey is interested in falling in love with Dorinda whom Tyler loves and would want to be with her until eternity. The jealous Rick feels when he sees Kelsey in Dorinda's house proves that he loved Dorinda and would not like anybody to interfere wit h their relationship. Secondly, he is courageous and strong. The fight between Rick and Sherriff seem to be one of the finest points in the novel. It shows that Rick was courageous enough to fight with the Sheriff despite him knowing the position that the Sheriff held in the Mountaineers region. At the beginning of the book, Rick introduced the Sherriff as a raider" who is a feared leader by the intruders' (Craddrock, chap. 1). He says that Sheriff was in charge of arresting lawbreakers in the Mountaineers region who was accorded a massive, powerful frame. Despite this, Rick did not hesitate to hold a fight with him which shows his courage. Thirdly, Rick is a fearful person. When Rick was wrongly accused of murder, he chose to flee away rather than remain and face the case against him. This implies that indeed Rick feared an encounter with the law and especially the outcome after the case hearing. Rick knew that if he got into the hands of Sherriff, who was in charge of lawbreakers then he was going to face it rough. Fourth, Rick is friendly. At the beginning of the text, Rick addresses Dorinda in a friendly tone, and he is ready to understand her background. Rick seems to be in good terms with nearly all the characters in the book. He is a friend to Kelsey but only starts getting worried when Kelsey is seen visiting Dorinda's house who is Rick's lover. He remains silent just to maintain their friendship but reaches a time when he could not entertain Kelsey's behavior. This makes him break his friendship with Kelsey towards the end of the Novel. Lastly, Rick is time conscious. When he found out that he had been wrongfully framed for murder, he waited for no time for further proves. He immediately decides on fleeing out of the Mountaineers region. Secondly, when he spots Kelsey in Dorinda's house, he waits no time and immediately begins questioning and getting jealous of this action. The quick manner in which Rick reacted to certain actions in the novel shows t hat he was indeed time conscious. In conclusion, not all of Rick's characters are American but just a fe... The Character of Rick Tyler Essay - 825 Words The Character of Rick Tyler (Essay Sample) Content: StudentProfessorCourseDate The Character of Rick TylerMary Noailles Murfree, the author of the storybook, The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains, seems to reflect the feelings that individuals undergo when they are threatened with dislocation. Written under the pen name Charles Egbert Craddrock, the novel explores the tension that is caused by the encroaching Tennessee state authority on the lives of the mountaineers. It is evident in the fate of Rick Tyler, a young man who is wrongfully accused of murder. The false accusation made Rick flee rather than him sitting back to fight his case. One of the finest actions of Tyler in the novel is the time when he fought with Sherriff. The novel focuses on four main characters Rick Tyler, Greene, Dorinda, and Kelsey. Each of the characters is strong and plays their role perfectly as explored by the author in the novel. The novel begins with a meeting between Tyler and Dorinda, who seem to understand each other. Both are awa re of each other's background and nature (Craddrock, chap. 1). Further, the novel introduces yet another character Kelsey is a religious man. The novel then moves on to the search of Tyler, who is falsely accused of murder. The Sheriff (Cajah Greene) has even issued a reward for whoever manages to capture Tyler. The character that we shall study in this paper is Rick Tyler. We shall first analyze his character before moving further to know what is American about him. First, Rick Tyler is a romantic but not a disillusioned person. From the opening part of the novel, it is evident that he is in love with Dorinda. However, he is not a patient type of person, as jealous befalls him about Kelsey's presence in Dorinda's house. He knows that Kelsey is interested in falling in love with Dorinda whom Tyler loves and would want to be with her until eternity. The jealous Rick feels when he sees Kelsey in Dorinda's house proves that he loved Dorinda and would not like anybody to interfere wit h their relationship. Secondly, he is courageous and strong. The fight between Rick and Sherriff seem to be one of the finest points in the novel. It shows that Rick was courageous enough to fight with the Sheriff despite him knowing the position that the Sheriff held in the Mountaineers region. At the beginning of the book, Rick introduced the Sherriff as a raider" who is a feared leader by the intruders' (Craddrock, chap. 1). He says that Sheriff was in charge of arresting lawbreakers in the Mountaineers region who was accorded a massive, powerful frame. Despite this, Rick did not hesitate to hold a fight with him which shows his courage. Thirdly, Rick is a fearful person. When Rick was wrongly accused of murder, he chose to flee away rather than remain and face the case against him. This implies that indeed Rick feared an encounter with the law and especially the outcome after the case hearing. Rick knew that if he got into the hands of Sherriff, who was in charge of lawbreakers then he was going to face it rough. Fourth, Rick is friendly. At the beginning of the text, Rick addresses Dorinda in a friendly tone, and he is ready to understand her background. Rick seems to be in good terms with nearly all the characters in the book. He is a friend to Kelsey but only starts getting worried when Kelsey is seen visiting Dorinda's house who is Rick's lover. He remains silent just to maintain their friendship but reaches a time when he could not entertain Kelsey's behavior. This makes him break his friendship with Kelsey towards the end of the Novel. Lastly, Rick is time conscious. When he found out that he had been wrongfully framed for murder, he waited for no time for further proves. He immediately decides on fleeing out of the Mountaineers region. Secondly, when he spots Kelsey in Dorinda's house, he waits no time and immediately begins questioning and getting jealous of this action. The quick manner in which Rick reacted to certain actions in the novel shows t hat he was indeed time conscious. In conclusion, not all of Rick's characters are American but just a fe...

Cell Phones And Their Influence On Our Campus - 1601 Words

You cannot walk across campus of the University of Arkansas without seeing someone sucked into their phone and staring at the screen. What are they doing on there? Texting, Snapchatting, Tweeting, or even updating a Facebook. I bet almost everyone on our campus has at least typed one text message on their phone walking from one class to another. It was found, by The Centre of Science Education at Sheffield University, that around ninety percent of the youth have cellular devices, and about ninety-six percent of them use their devices to text (Plester, Wood, Bell 137). People tend to call less and text more while using their cell phones, and this may be a factor as to why the most preferred communication style is reported as texting (Cingel†¦show more content†¦Positive and negative effects on students’ literacy has been found when it comes to the topic of texting. Teachers have said that they have received students’ work that has contained textisms (Powell and Dixon 58). When this work is reviewed, teachers have said that they believe that these textisms can be attributed to the amount of texting that their students do, which in turn is negatively affecting their schoolwork (Verheijen 595). Texting in today’s society is having effects on literacy, and the media has just caught on to this anomaly in the past few years. Although it is thought of having just a negative impact on literacy, it has been found that textisms have also made positive contributions to students’ literacy as well. Students who regularly read and compose text messages show a tendency to have a greater awareness of literacy and vocabulary. Studies have shown that when students see abbreviations of words, such as those they would use while texting, have resulted in them being able to obtain more material in a quicker period of time and performing better on spelling tests. When students text, they regularly practice their abbreviation skills, which can then be applied for educational benefits such as performing well on spelling tests or by making studying an easier and quicker process. Along with the use of abbreviations, texting has also increased the efficiency at which we can communicate. With the use of textisms, or abbreviations,

Frank Of A Modern Macbeth And Lady Macbeth - 871 Words

The majority of this essay has focused primarily on Frank’s ideas alone, and how they reflect cynical philosophy, but when it comes to Freudian guilt, Underwood’s personal life comes into play, through his politically advantageous affair with Washington Herald Reporter, Zoe Barns. Many compare Frank and his wife Claire to that of a modern Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, but Claire is much darker in a mature way, Claire knows about Frank’s relation’s with Zoe Barnes, and she is completely okay with them giving that they advance Frank’s sinister agenda. So the arrangement begins, Frank feeds Zoe insider information, which upon her publishing, helps Franks public image, and sometimes, destroys the image of his enemies. One of those enemies is Secretary of State Michael Kern. The entire show begins with Frank being promised to the position of Secretary of State by President Walker, however, Frank is unjustly cheated out his position by the new administration, electing Kurn the job instead. Of course, this does not sit well with Frank, and upon meeting Barnes around this same time, Underwood opportunistically capitalizes on sabotaging Kern by leaking an old news article to Zoe, supervised by Kern, where one of his writers in staff made anti sematic remarks. Although Kern didn’t even make, let alone approve of this remarks, the media outcry forced him to step down from his position of Sectary of State, but at this point, Frank already had his bigger plans in mind. All seemed to be goingShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Power of the Witches in Shakespeares Macbeth 1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of the Witches in Shakespeares Macbeth    The tragedy of Macbeth comes about because of a single event in his life. If that one moment, the meeting with the witches on the heath, had not happened then Macbeth would no doubt have gone on to be a loyal and respected subject of King Duncan and, later, King Malcolm. However, the meeting did happen and the powerful force of ambition was unleashed within Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. It is the combination of these two factors, the meetingRead MoreThe Role of Lady Macbeth1957 Words   |  8 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The female roles in William Shakespeares Macbeth are those of the witches, more supernatural than human, Lady Macbeth and Lady Macduff, the latter being presented in a minor, almost insignificant way. This paper will explore the role of Lady Macbeth and only make slight comment on the witches. Fanny Kemble in Lady Macbeth finds that the main female role could have ended in madness due to the evil tendencies of the lady: Lady Macbeth, even in her sleep, has no qualms of conscience;Read More Lady Macduff of Macbeth Essay example1952 Words   |  8 PagesLady Macduff of Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   In reading Shakespeares tragic drama Macbeth, one meets only one good woman - Lady Macduff. The remaining female characters are basically evil. 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In fact, there is only one who has a sizeable role - Lady Macbeth; the other, Lady Macduff, makes only a brief appearance, and the witchesare questionable as females. In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson mentions the very wife-like manner in which the queen fulfilled her essential role in the tragedy: It requires an extraordinary exertionRead More The Importance of Sound in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1901 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Sound in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth, the shortest and perhaps darkest play by Shakespeare, is a tale of over-riding ambition, human nature, and supernatural meddling. Macbeth is the main character in the play, and although he begins the story a loyal subject and brave hero, the power bestowed on him poisens and corrupts him until he eventually turns evil and seeks more, to his downfall. 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Bell found the character a refreshing change of pace. 8 â€Å"I see her as a strong, sophisticated lady, which is quite unusual for a girlfriend of a footballer. She knows what she wants. She loves her boyfriend dearly; she puts up with quite a bit to a certain extent because she loves him so much,† says Bell. â€Å"She knows what this is all about, so she’s

Hearts and Hands by O Henry Essay Example For Students

Hearts and Hands by O Henry Essay Have you ever lied to someone so you would not be embarrassed? In the short story, Hearts and Hands by O Henry, there is a character who gets on a train on his way to jail. He unexpectedly sits across from an old friend of his named Miss Fairchild who recognizes him. Mr.. Gaston got in trouble with the law, but doesnt want Miss Fairchild to know. He is escorted by the Marshall, who out of the kindness of his heart, covers for Mr.. Gaston and says that he (the Marshall) did it. Miss Fairchild is led to believe that Mr.. Gaston is the Marshall, when, in fact, he is the prisoner. The personality traits of Miss Fairchild, Mr.. Gaston, and the Marshall all contribute to the surprise ending, Miss Fairchild is an interesting character vivid many different personality traits. She seems to be smart, and rich. She comes from the east coast, and is adventurous enough to take a train out to Colorado during these violent western times. l love the West, the air agrees vivid me here said the girl irrelevantly. She seems romantically interested in Mr.. Gaston, but does not seem to get as much interest from him. Mr.. Gaston is the character who counterfeited the money. He got sentenced to seven years of prison for counterfeiting the money. He did not want to be embarrassed in front of this pretty girl. The Marshall covers for him with the lie, and saved his life. Youll excuse me for speaking, miss, but, I surveyors acquainted with the Marshall here, If youll ask him to speak a word for me when we get to the pen hell do it, and itll make things easier tort me there. Hes taking me to Leavenworth prison. Its seven years for counterfeiting. This quote proves that the Marshall has some nice qualities to his personality. The Marshall sis very nice and kind person. When he made up the cover story for Mr.. Gaston, that showed that he was doing that out of the kindness of his heart. He was not required to do that. Molls excuse me for speaking miss, but, see youre acquainted faith the Marshall here. If youll ask him to speak a word for e when we get to the pen hell do it, and itll make things easier for me there. Hes taking me to Leavenworth prison. Its seven years for counterfeiting? This quote proves that the Marshall did this out of the kindness of his heart. In the story Hearts and Hands by O Henry, there was a surprise ending, which ended up revealing a huge lie. Miss Fairchild was the victim Of this lie. Mr.. Gaston was part of the lie.

PSYC101 WorksheetTotal Points possible 100Place y Essays

PSYC101 WorksheetTotal Points possible: 100Place your first and last name, student ID and the date of your worksheet completion in the spaces below.Student Name:Student ID: Date: This worksheet is due by 11:55pm ET Sunday at the end of Week 6 of the course termYou may work on it ahead of its deadline but may not submit it prior to its assigned week. OVERVIEW:This worksheet requires unpacking the key elements of a published scholarly journal article and demonstrating APA source citation skills, activities you will engage in frequently in the completion of a variety of assignments including essays, research papers and literature reviews in future courses. To complete the worksheet, download and save a copy of it with your first and last name in the document title, answer the questions and attach your completed copy. Quoting is not permitted. All answers must be written as paraphrases, meaning that you must restate what you read in your own words, with the exception of technical terms s uch as the names of diagnostic tests. You are not required to source credit the article in your answers to the Section I "Key Article Components" questions. Section II, "Source citing and reference listing in APA format" is where you will demonstrate knowledge of how to correctly format source crediting in APA style. Answers will be graded for accuracy, thoroughness, clarity and correct spelling and grammar.No content of this document may be removed or reordered. Answers must be inserted in the spaces provided. ================================================================================== SECTION I:KEY ARTICLE COMPONENTS 1. Previous research and authors' rationales for conducting their study100 word minimumAfter reading the article's first five paragraphs, in the space below answer these two questions: What previous research has been conducted on the article authors' same or similar topics? What were their explanations for why their study was needed?2. Research method used50 word minimumIn the space below, describe the type of research method that the article authors used in conducting their study and explain why it was well suited for an investigation of their topic (Ex: individual or group interview, case study, laboratory controlled or naturalistic observation; administration of psychological tests). Refer back to the course textbook chapter on research methods for a review of method types and their purposes. 3. Participants involved in the study 100 word length minimumIn the space below, describe in narrative form (lists and sentence fragments cannot be used) the characteristics of the participants involved in the research study conducted by the article authors. What was the number of persons who participated; where were they recruited from; what were the participant demographics; were any participant screening procedures conducted; what criteria were used to determine who participated in the study and who didn't; were participants paid or did they receive any other type of compensation for being involved in the study; etc. Note: Some of the above information is provided in the article's "Measures" section, so you will want to use both it and the "Participants and Procedures" sections to answer these questions. 4. Measures usedIn the space below, list the measures used in the article authors' study. 5. Data analysesIn the space below, list the data analyses used to analyze the data gathered during the article authors' study. Note: You don't have to know how the analyses are conducted; only naming them is required here. 6. Study resultsIn the space below summarize the results of the study conducted by the article authors. 7. DiscussionIn the space below, summarize the conclusions reached by the authors in the final seven paragraphs of their article. What were their interpretations of the study results? What limitations of their study and needed future research did they note?SECTION IISOURCE CITING AND REFERENCE LISTING IN APA FORMATTip: If needed, examples of how to source credit in APA formatting style can be found in the Online Writing Lab, located at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ The authors of the article are: Weili Lu, Philip T. Yanos, Steven M. Silverstein, Kim T. Mueser, Stanley D. Rosenberg, Jennifer D. Gottlieb, Stephanie Marcello Duva, Thanuja Kularatne, Stephanie Dove-Williams, Danielle Paterno, Danielle Hawthorne, and Giovanna Giacobbe.The article's title is: Public Mental Health Clients with Severe Mental Illness and Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Trauma E xposure and Correlates of Symptom SeverityThe article was published in Volume 26, on

Human Computer Interaction Essays

Human Computer Interaction Essays Human Computer Interaction Essay Human Computer Interaction Essay The study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. What is HCI? â€Å"Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them† (ACM SIGCHI definition of HCI). Creating usable systems (1) HCI investigates interaction between Human (1 user, a group, sequence of users) Computer (any computer big or small, process control, embedded, etc) used to perform various tasks in particular environments. Creating usable systems (2) The human factors †¦ different users different conceptions or mental models about their interactions different ways of learning, keeping knowledge and skills cultural and national differences user preferences change as they gradually master new interfaces Creating usable systems (3) The com puter factor †¦ different devices Smart phones, Touch Screen Kiosks, †¦ different capabilities and limitations Computing power, Input/output devices, †¦ different operating systems user interface technology is changing rapidly it offers new interaction possibilities to which previous research findings may not apply Visual, Tactile, Gesture based, †¦Also read about  Knowledge of PC boot processCreating usable systems (4) What about the interaction? Communication between user and computer Direct interaction Dialogue with feedback Control throughout performance of the task Indirect interaction Batch processing Intelligent sensors controlling the environment Creating usable systems (5) It aims to achieve 1. Usability (Useful, Usable, Used) 2. Safe 3. Effective 4. Efficient 5. Enjoyable system Creating usable systems (6) User compatibility Product compatibility `Task compatibility Work flow compatibility Consistency Familiarity Simplicity Control Creating usa ble systems (7)HCI focuses on user needs by assessing interface design amp; implementation according to usability criteria. ? Makes use of new, novel techniques amp; technologies. It applies usability design principles to achieve more productive amp; usable systems and more satisfied users. Creating usable systems (8) EC Directive 90/270/EEC Requires employers to ensure the following when designing, selecting, commissioning or modifying software: suitable for the task easy to use where appropriate, adaptable to user’s knowledge amp; experiences Creating usable systems (9) provides feedback on performance displays information in a format amp; at a pace that is adapted to the user It must conform to the principles of software ergonomics (Ergonomics is the science that deals with the interaction between people/work/environment/psychology.It considers the functions of the human body in the design of tools, equipment, etc. ) Designers amp; employers can no longer afford to ign ore the user!! Question †¦ Have you ever used a system that exhibit good HCI with the users? Give a few examples †¦ What systems have you used that exhibit bad HCI with the users? Name a few †¦ and why do you think they were bad? Historical basis of HCI (1) Second World War †¦ Study of interaction between humans amp; machines in order to produce more effective weapons (Bletchley Park, Enigma, Colossus) Ergonomic Research Society formed (1949) Research in Man-Machine Interaction began to spread Historical basis of HCI (2) Historical basis of HCI (3) Historical basis of HCI (4) Basic Interaction (1) Graphical Objects 1963 (MIT) Graphical Objects manipulated by a pointing device (light pen) Objects could be selected, moved, resized, etc. 1966 (Imperial College, London) Icons, Gesture Recognition, Dynamic Menus, etc. 1970 (XEROX PARC) Object selection and manipulation WYSIWYG Basic Interaction (2) Mouse 1965 (Stanford Research Lab [SRI]) Created to be a cheap re placement for light pens 1970 Adopted at Xerox PARC First appeared commercially as part of The Xerox Star (1981), The Apple Lisa (1982), The Apple Macintosh (1984). Basic Interaction (3) Windows 1968 (Stanford Research Lab [SRI]) 1969 1974 (Xerox PARC) Smalltalk System 1974 (MIT) EMACS Text Editor 1981 (Xerox PARC) The Cedar Window Manager 1981 Xerox Star 1982 Apple Lisa 1983 (Carnegie Mellon University funded by IBM)) Andrew window manager 1984 Apple Macintosh The early versions of the Star and Microsoft Windows were tiled, but eventually they supported overlapping windows like the Lisa and Macintosh. Applications (1)Drawing programs uses a mouse for graphics (1965) uses a tablet (1971) handling of lines and curves (1975) Text Editing first word processor with automatic word wrap, search amp; replace, user-definable macros, scrolling text, amp; commands to move, copy, and delete characters, words, or blocks of text (1962) screen editing amp; formatting of arbitrary-sized strin gs with a lightpen (1967) mouse-based editing (1968) first WYSIWYG editor-formatter (1974) Applications (2) Spreadsheets initial spreadsheet was VisiCalc (1977-8) for the Apple II HyperText the idea where documents are linked to related documents (1945) Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext (1965) NLS system was one of the first on-line journals, and it included full linking of articles (1970) HyperCard from Apple (1988) significantly helped to bring the idea to a wide audienceTim Berners-Lee used the hypertext idea to create the World Wide Web in 1990 at the government-funded European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) Mosaic, the first popular hypertext browser for the World-Wide Web Eg: Cosmic Book Applications (3) Computer Aided Design (CAD) first CAD systems similar to drawing programs (1963) pioneering work on interactive 3D CAD system (1963) first CAD/CAM (manufacture) system in industry was probably General Motors DAC-1 (about 1963) Video Games first graphical video game was probably SpaceWar (1962) the first computer joysticks (1962) early computer adventure game was created (1966) first popular commercial game was Pong (about 1976). Up ;amp; Coming Areas (1) Gesture Recognition first pen-based input device used light-pen gestures (1963) first trainable gesture recognizer (1964) a gesture-based text editor using proof-reading symbols (1969) gesture recognition has been used in commercial CAD systems since the 1970s came to universal notice with the Apple Newton (1992)Multi-Media multiple windows with integrated text and graphics (1968) Interactive Graphical Documents project was the first hypermedia system which used raster graphics and text (1979-1983) Diamond project explored combining multimedia (text, spreadsheets, graphics, speech) (1982) Up ;amp; Coming Areas (2) 3-D first system 3-D CAD system (1963) first interactive 3-D system used for molecular modelling (1966) the late 60s and early 70s saw the flowering of 3D raster graphics funded by the government the military-industrial flight simulation work of the 60s 70s led the way to making 3-D real-time Virtual Reality original work on VR funded by Air Force (1965-1968) study of force feedback, early research on head-mounted displays and on the DataGlove (1971) Up ;amp; Coming Areas (3) Computer Supported Cooperative Work remote participation of multiple people at various sites (1968)Electronic mail, still the most widespread multi-user software, was enabled by the ARPAnet (1969) and by the Ethernet from Xerox PARC (1973) an early computer conferencing system (1975) Natural language and speech Speech synthesis Speech recognition HCI as a business necessity Can the users be ignored? (Linux, Windows,†¦) NO HCI + Usability engineering are a crucial business necessity Good Interface ;amp; Interaction Design should not Be added after system is built Supporting users is an integral part of the design. To do this one must consider †¦ International Standards in HCI and Er gonomics User population is growing (size, diversity, etc. ) Expanding awareness amongst users of what can be achieved Case Study (1) A mechanical syringe was once being developed. An input device had to be created in order to enter the injected dose. Design such a device †¦ Case Study (2) A prototype was developed by the manufacturing company and demonstrated to the hospital staff.Happily they quickly noticed the potentially fatal flaw in its interface. Case Study (3) The doses were entered by a numeric keypad: an accidental keypress and the dose could be out by a factor of 10! The production version had individual increment/decrement buttons for each digit . Safety-critical systems (1) Poor designs Very common in Safety Life-critical Which all depend on computer-control We need to understand why Disasters Accidents Frustrations happen? Can you mention some examples? Safety-critical systems (2) Computer failure hits post office Lancashire,  UK   Sep 5, 2006 A VILLAGE post office has been struck by a technical glitch, leaving customers unable to pay bills and collect benefits. Edgworth 999 Ambulance Computer Failure Putting Lives at Risk International News Service,  Australia   Aug 23, 2006 LIVES are being put at risk because of a crisis with London Ambulance Services computer-controlled 999 system. US Department of Energy sponsors storage research CTR,  CA   20 hours ago The data storage institute will focus its efforts in three areas: collecting field data about computer failure rates and application behaviors, disseminating Temporary failure hits Houston 911 center abc13. com,  TX   Sep 8, 2006 system. This past July, the Houston Emergency Center experienced a computer failure which knocked out the automated dispatch system. Warning on need for super reserves The Australian,  Australia   Sep 10, 2006 must maintain 4 per cent of assets in liquid form to meet any immediate needs, rising from banking and operational risks, such as computer failure or staff Book on IT debacles urges caution Stuff. co. nz,  New Zealand   Aug 27, 2006 That is the central theme of Dangerous Enthusiasms – E-Government, Computer Failure and Information System Development, a 160-page book just published by Search is on for escaped McMinn inmates Chattanooga Times Free Press,   USA   Sep 8, 2006 A computer failure that left 225 inmates under supervision of just four corrections officers may have contributed to the 4:59 pm | Computers delay Charlotte flights Charlotte Observer,  NC   Sep 6, 2006 two dozen US Airways Express flights going in and out of Charlotte were canceled Wednesday after a thunderstorm in Ohio led to a computer failure that affected Homes facing night without water BBC News,  UK   Aug 20, 2006 and Powys. The Pant storage tank ran dry after the water firm was not alerted to the problem because of a computer failure. She Safety-critical systems (3)Air-traffic control Aircraft crash due to problems pilot had to interpret information on cockpit display Manned spacecraft On June 4, 1996, the maiden flight of the European Ariane 5 launcher crashed about 40 seconds after takeoff. Media reports indicated that the amount lost was half a billion dollars. The error came from a piece of the software that was not needed during the crash!! Safety-critical systems (4) Nuclear power plant (The Meltdown at Three Mile Island 1979) â€Å"As alarms rang and warning lights flashed, the operators did not realize that the plant was experiencing a loss-of-coolant accident. They took a series of actions that made conditions worse by simply reducing the flow of coolant through the core. Medical Institutions Break down in the scheduling system led to delays in reaching seriously ill patients. (UK) Disaster examples 1988 USS Vincennes shot down an Iran Air A300 Airbus with 290 people aboardAegis weapon system had Sophisticated software to identify potential threats BUT Was una ble to provide up-to-date altitude information on its large display (this could be read from other screens) In the confusion, the Airbus which leveled off at 12,500 feet was taken to be an F-14 fighter descending to attack! ‘User Hostile’ example Poor HCI can lead to User Hostile systems rather than User Friendly ones †¦ John has a stereo system with a matched set of components made by the same manufacturer: a receiver, a CD player, and a cassette deck, stacked in that order. They all have the on/off button on the left side. Every time John goes to turn off all three components, he presses the top left button on the receiver, which turns it off; then he presses the top left button on the CD player, which turns it off; then, naturally, he presses the top left button on the cassette deck which pops open the cassette door. It’s obvious †¦It seems obvious that the manufacturer could have improved the interface putting all three buttons in the same locatio n But it clearly wasnt obvious to the systems designers!! Most actions used to accomplish tasks with an interface are quite obvious to people who know them, including, of course, the software designer. But the actions are often not obvious to the first-time user. Another example †¦ Imagine a first-time user of a computer 1. he has been shown how to login to the system 2. has done some work 3. is now finished with the computer for the day ? Experienced computer users will find it obvious that a logout command is needed. But it may not occur to first-time users that a special action is required to end the session. People dont log out of typewriters or televisions or video games, so why should they log out of computers? Learning to predict problems like these by taking the users point of view is a skill that requires practice. Who studies HCI? (1) Multi-discipline field †¦ Who studies HCI? (2) Conclusion (1) HCI studies Interaction between users amp; computer systems In order to build systems which are: Usable Safe Efficient Effective Enjoyable Conclusion (2) Important points to keep in mind †¦ 1. You need a lot of common sense 2. You must be ready to accept criticism 3. Think ‘user’ 4. Try it out (They know what they want! ) 5. Involve the users 6. Iterate Exercise If we take a toaster Describe: the users the machine seems to be designed for; the tasks and subtasks the machine was evidently designed to support; the interface part of the machine; the part of the machine that is NOT the interface. What about an electric drill

Technology DQ3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology DQ3 - Essay Example e a drift towards attaining more cohesiveness and oneness within their processes and tasks and for this matter they have undertaken measures to incorporate more and more use of technological regimes – for the betterment of one and all. It is a fact that the business world of present times can have a lot of improvement within their ranks if they adopt the policy of working towards the establishment of different management systems that have an incorporation of technology. This would guarantee them a lot of success as their employees and workers would dedicate their whole hearted efforts towards the different tasks of the company as well as towards their own individual capacities. Once these technologically-assisted management systems are installed and are in place, we can have a proper check and balance mechanism as concerns to the people who are working in the company. One such of these management systems is the performance management systems within the human resources unit whi ch makes use of the fact that performance is increased on the part of all concerned and there is no shortfall as concerns to commitment, dedication and devotion when at work. 2) Based on the readings and personal experience, what are the responsibilities of a manager to ensure that company supported effectiveness technology is being used in a cost-effective and responsible manner by employees? The work culture within the domains of a manager must suit the interests of the organization in the best form possible. For this to happen, it is necessary to understand that technology has got an immense role to play in the manager’s repertoire. Also there should be a comprehension that managers work in a global world where technology has of late been instrumental at dramatically changing the way we perceive the events that govern our lives. The accession of technology to managers around the globe means that the same has resulted in the amalgamation of technological expertise and the like for a

Organisational Behaviour (OB) Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Behaviour (OB) Assignment - Essay Example He tried to change the organizational structure to modify the corporate culture of the company. The company formed corporate tie ups with many companies to build its brand and increase exposure. These features introduced several forms of changes in the company. Firstly due to the redesigning of the product lines the patterns of work system in the company changed drastically. This began with the changes in the job description and skills and techniques of the workers as more emphasis was laid on the electronics goods and products. Changes in the organizational structure were seen in the form of centralizing the electronics department. The hierarchy of authority was modified. Division of labor was re-introduced with more emphasis on the R&D field. The hierarchy levels were reduced and more interaction was provided between the managers and front line mangers of the company. More hierarchy levels mean greater complications which would disrupt the decision making process gradually. The com pany previously had each unit with its own planning, human resources, finance, and sales functions and operated with considerable autonomy. This was not a very feasible strategy as it led to more troubles than solutions. Firstly, providing each unit with separate departments increased the cost of the company as it would be hiring many employees for each department. The autonomy offered to each unit would further increase the gap between the inter departments as there would be lack of communication. The span of control was reduced with Stringer laying off 10,000 jobs which comprised of 7% of Sony’s global workforce and shut down 11 out of 65 production units across the world (Howard Stringer: Turning Sony Around, 2003). This helped in reducing operation costs, reduced levels in hierarchy and better control by the managers. Sony was not advanced in technology and was redundant in its product designs. With the introduction of Apple iPods, the company felt the need to bring in ch anges in its working culture. Stringer who had introduced the changes believed that the new structure would streamline and speed up decision making across Sony’s product lines. It permitted uniform software development across the lines so that the products of the company would operate seamlessly with one another. This in turn eliminated the design and product redundancies and optimized the firm’s Research and Development spending. Apart from this, the corporate culture also saw changes in the company. sonSony had been long exposed to its conservative culture. When Stringer decided to introduce change in the company he faced oppositions as the cost of change was thought to be unnecessary by many people in the organization, stringer incorporated the idea of increasing the R&D area. He made them realize that R&D could save the company and it would attract customer attention. He made them realize that the problem with Sony products was not with its technology alone but als o the product utility. The change plan also affected specific technologies. For example, Sony executives declared that television was of the utmost importance to the company. The firm scraped the production of cathode ray tube (CRT) television sets and focused on LCD and rear-projection TVs and technology. Also, Sony focused on self-luminous flat –panel organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, on high-definition technology, Blu-ray, and

PATHSHALA -LIVING THE DREAM Essay Example for Free

PATHSHALA -LIVING THE DREAM Essay PATHSHALA -LIVING THE DREAM You see things say: Why? But I dream of things that never were and say: Why not? Bernard Shaw This idea clicked me when I joined my CA tuitions and MBA coaching classes. I was so frustrated going from one centre to other to study for my CA intermediate exam and MBA coaching classes. I had my cost tuition in north but tax tuition in south, accounts I had in east but financial management in far east and sometimes I had just 20 minutes gap for traveling and lunch. I had two or three tuitions of three hours each, daily. I was just pissed off with my regular routine. So I was wondering whether the problem is with me or everyone is facing the same problem. I with my friends wanted to research about this problem and what the student wants. After research I found that students in the metro today are looking out to build their career and they don’t compromise it anyhow, they want best tuition and institutes to nurture themselves. Also students today are looking forward to get best professors in respective fields to teach them. They have to travel a lot because one tuition they are having in east and other in the north. So lot of time is wasted in traveling and they don’t have much gap in tuition timings so they even have to skip their meals or even if they have time they have to go home and again pack the bags for evening tuition that means wastage of time and money in traveling. Students are not able to take multiple courses due to lack of timing because of wastage of time due to traveling from one tuition to other. Even parents are worried about their health and meals. Many times they have to skip their meals or else have to eat junk food whatever is available to them in short time. They even don’t get place where they can sit together and discuss things with their friends or have group studies. The main idea is to bring all the tutors and MBA coaching institutes at one  place so that it’s a final stop for all students. I have seen students running from one centre to other to enroll themselves to get registered if the seats are full they get frustrated and have to look at some other place again they have to check the availability of seats. It really so much frustration that we think why we joined CA or CS or CFA, etc. students are just fed up with all this and they want to get everything under one roof where they have best of professors and MBA coaching institutes at one place. Also they should be library or reading room and fast food centre so that they don’t have to go here and there and waste time. They all are looking for everything to the comfort at one place and believe me they are ready to throw money for that. It was this need for ‘something more something different’ that I wanted to serve to the students. The â€Å"PATHSHALA† my project where I will provide ‘the experience, the ambience, and the service’ STUDENTS are looking out for. Objectives The new experience, the ambience, the service the students are looking for keeping in mind basic needs, health and quality. A website www.pathshala.com would also be launched providing all the details of professors, courses, timings, availability of seats and online registration too. Concept: Why? The main reasons for choosing this concept: Providing total solution to students. Cater to the health of the students The students in the metro today are looking out for something more. We are giving them a different/new experience. Mission I want to: Change the meaning of education Impart best education Design the infrastructure with international standards. Save time and cost Give a new lifestyle! We are here to serve intelligence, quality, hygiene, health, freshness experience. Keys to Success The keys to my success are as follows: Best tutors and MBA coaching classes. Service our students needs promptly and efficiently. Maintain a professional image at all times. PATHSHALA would be located at strategic locations convenient to students. Providing education, library, and fast food centre and gaming zone at one place. A place that will motivate students to zeal in life. A website ‘www.pathshala.com’ giving all details and online registration. Feasibility Institute will be first launched in Kolkata, my home town. A venture of Rs 10 crores. Main challenge is to get the place in the heart of the city. Each and everything to be established at one go. Expected to cover every cost within two years. Once the institute is established we can move to others Metros.

The Rise of Social Isolation in America is a Chief Factor in the Prolif

The Rise of Social Isolation in America is a Chief Factor in the Proliferation and Continuation of Suburban Sprawl At the very backbone of the body of reasons for which sprawl has accelerated so much in recent decades is the changing social culture in America. One must remember that sprawl is all about people, and one of the greatest factors that drive the trends of their behavior is culture. It is true that there are many other factors (I.E. economic) at play in the manifestation of sprawl, but the factor of culture is what lies at the very core of the entire issue. This core is the argument that Americans have gradually moved toward a socially and individually isolated culture. Essentially, the American community has become more disjointed and impermanent, creating an atmosphere in which living in a more dense population has become undesirable. To best understand how culture has changed, one must take into account the way it once was and what circumstances helped to alter it. Traditionally, living in the United States had comprised of a much more community-oriented culture. (Kingdon) This was especially true in the days before the automobile (and the railroad to a small extent) when communities were more isolated from mass movement, migration, and displacement of its denizens. Before the Baby Boom and especially before the Industrial Revolution, the American landscape, even on the east coast, was comprised of primarily isolated village communities and distinct urban centers. Travel and economic factors (economies were more localized then) created an environment where it was quite easy and possible for an individual to grow up, live and work, marry, and die in their hometown community. Hence, since people were more lik... ... so on, and so on. People will be more willing and capable of living in denser, more efficient environments only when the underlying culture that sustains sprawl is altered. The sense of the American community needs to be re-established if there is to be any real progress in the battle against sprawl. The REAL problem here then, is that changing the culture of a state, of a nation, is a very long and difficult undertaking†¦ Works Consulted Kristin Gotts, et al (no date) Better Together Saguaro Seminar on Civic Engineering in America; John F. Kennedy School of Government, Caimbridge MA Puntam, Robert D. (1995) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community Simon & Schuster ISBN: 0684832836 Kingdon, John W. (1999) America the Unusual Bedford/ St, Martins Boston, MA Lowi, et al. (2001) We the People W.W. Norton and Company, NY, NY

Counselling and Psychotherapy Essay

Carl Ransom Rogers (1902 – 1987) was amongst the most influential figures of humanistic psychology, a school of psychotherapy that rejected medical and psychoanalytic models of treatment, and instead put forth a theory of personality and behaviour that presumed the source of psychological health ultimately resides in the individual person rather than in a programme based on the expert knowledge and authority of a psychiatric professional. Rogers’ specific form of humanistic psychology is broadly based on his view of human personality, which he believed naturally tended to develop in what he considered a healthy manner unless it is adversely influenced by life-experiences. From this theoretical basis, Rogers created a form of therapy that he called ‘client-centred’, (or person-centred) as opposed to forms of treatment that are directed by the expertise of the therapist. In the field of Counselling and Psychotherapy there are many differing theories which are used to help those who seek counselling, including client-centred therapy. In many parts of the world client-centred therapy is seen as a family of therapies, including Experiential Psychotherapy and Focusing. Closely associated with client-centred therapy are existential therapy and various integrative approaches. Since Carl Rogers’ death, there has been much debate regarding what can and cannot rightly claim to be called ‘client-centred therapy.’ Proponents of the differing ‘Tribes’ argue for their schools of thought. (Warner 2006). At the heart of all the differing thoughts and modes of delivery are the six conditions for therapeutic change which Rogers described as being needed before a client could move towards the changes that they wanted to make in their lives. Carl Rogers, along with Abraham Maslow, was the founder of the humanist approach to clinical psychology. Maslow was known as the ‘Third Force in Psychology’ but is mainly known for his thoughts on self- actualization. Prior to Maslow it was thought that human behaviour was just a set of behaviours to satiate the drive for deficits. For example the ‘lack of nutrients – feel hungry – seek food – and eat’ model. Maslow proposed a wide range of human needs in a dynamic and changing system, where needs at higher levels would only be addressed when needs at lower levels had been satisfied (see Fig 1): Rogers’ person-centred theory emphasised the concept of ‘self-actualization’ which implies that there is an internal, biological force to develop one’s capacities and talents to the fullest. The human organism’s central motivation is to learn and to grow. Growth occurs when individuals confront problems, strive to master them and, through experience, endeavour to develop new aspects of their skills, capacities, and views about life, and move forward towards the goal of self-actualization. By way of example, Rogers (1980) often illustrated the concept with reference to organisms in the natural world. He wrote about a potato in the root cellar of his boyhood home: â€Å"The actualizing tendency can, of course, be thwarted or warped, but it cannot be destroyed without destroying the organism. I remember that in my boyhood home, the bin in which we stored our winter’s supply of potatoes was in the basement, several feet below a small window. The conditions were unfavourable, but the potatoes would begin to sprout pale white sprouts, so unlike the healthy green shoots they sent up when planted in the soil in the spring. But these sad, spindly sprouts would grow two or three feet in length as they reached toward the distant light of the window. The sprouts were, in their bizarre, futile growth, a sort of desperate expression of the directional tendency I have been describing. They would never become plants, never mature, never fulfill their real potential. But under the most adverse circumstances, they were striving to become. Life would not give up, even if it could not flourish.† So it can be seen that Rogers was saying that this effective and strong constructive tendency is the underlying basis of the client-centred approach. Rogers’ groundbreaking understanding was that for a person to be truly helped, the important healing factor is the relationship itself. His view of human behaviour is that it is â€Å"exquisitely rational† Rogers (1961). Furthermore, in his opinion: â€Å"The core of man’s nature is essentially positive† Rogers (1961), and he is a â€Å"trustworthy organism† Rogers (1977). Rogers focused on ways in which the therapist could promote certain core conditions between him/herself and the client. Central to his theory was that the actualizing tendency was a natural process, yet in order for each human organism to do so it required the nurturing of a caregiver. Rogers understood that inherently people need people, and that we are fundamentally dependent on others for our being. Many critics of the theory have misunderstood Roger’s concepts and commented that this is outmoded today, and, according to Bohart (2007) the critics were saying that it â€Å"glorifies the individual at the expense of others†. Wilkins (2003) argued that Rogers’ concept of self-actualization is culturally biased, reflecting a Western cultural emphasis on the separate, autonomous individualistic self. However, Bohart states that Rogers’ concept of self as culture-specific is compatible with cultures which view the self in relational rather than individualistic terms, even cultures that have no concept of self. Self-actualization means enhancing or actualizing the self as the self is defined for that person and culture. Rogers did believe that the tendency of actualization of a person in therapy was to always go in a positive pro-social direction, but critics state that it may lead to self-centred, narcissistic behaviour (Bozarth and Brodley, 1991). Rogers recognised that environmental and social factors could inhibit or distort the process of actualization so that a negative rather than positive outcome may occur, but also that the fully functioning person is ‘soundly and realistically social’ (Rogers 1961). Rogers postulated that therapeutic movement will only occur if, and only if, the six conditions for therapeutic change were in place between the therapist and the client. 1. The first condition of client-centred therapy is that therapist and client should be in psychological contact. The first condition specifies that a minimum relationship must exist. Rogers (1957) stated: â€Å"I am hypothesizing that significant positive personality change does not occur except in a relationship†. (Sanders 2006) â€Å"The relationship is not seen as a third object in the room with the counsellor and the client, but is the client and the counsellor. They bring themselves into the room, and in doing so a unique and ever-changing relationship is the result.† Research into contact between animals and people who live in social groups has shown that in order to grow and become confident then it must be in a psychologically interactive way. Those who were deprived of such conditions, like the children in the orphanages of Romania and the monkeys in Harlow’s experiments, grew up with permanent behavioural and emotional problems. (Harlow 1959, Carlson 1999, Bowlby, 1953, Warner 2002). Rogers thought that psychological contact was an all-or-nothing, one-off event, but others like Rose Cameron (2003) and Whelton and Greenberg (2002) see psychological contact as a variable and dynamic quality in relationships, and Margaret Warner (2002:79) says that the â€Å"contact can be viewed as a continuum†. In my opinion, despite the differing views of the various ‘Tribes’, the one over-riding view is that psychological contact is essential if the therapeutic process is going to work. It can simply be the mere recognition of the other person in the room, or a deeply-shared experience between the therapist and the client. 2. Client incongruence, a state of being vulnerable and anxious, is presented as the second of the six conditions which Rogers defined as a ‘discrepancy between the actual experience of the organism and the self-picture of the individual’s experience insofar as it represents that experience’ (Rogers 1957), and which he saw as being necessary for therapy to be successful. Pearson (1974) thought that this condition had created some confusion, since the relationship between incongruence and felt anxiety or vulnerability is complex. All people are incongruent to some degree all of the time (since human beings can never fully symbolize their experience), and some sorts of incongruence may actually lower anxiety. Rogers’ concept of incongruence was simply saying that clients sense that they have underlying issues that have distorted their sense of equilibrium and therefore are motivated to seek counselling. I believe that this second condition affects how clients will respond to counselling because the change that needs to happen has to come from within the client and cannot happen against their will. For example, if someone is referred by a doctor, or school, or made to attend counselling with a spouse or parent, then the client will be in a state of incongruence and the first condition will not take place, without which there is no therapeutic relationship. 3. The third core condition is that the second person, the therapist, is congruent in the relationship. By congruent Rogers understood it to be real, genuine and transparent. As early as 1946 he wrote about the fact that the therapist should have a â€Å"genuine interest in the client†. Rogers makes it very clear in a video on the internet where he is talking about what it means to be congruent when he says: â€Å"Can I be real in the relationship; this has come to have an increasing amount of importance to me over the years. I feel that genuineness is another way of describing the quality I would like to have. I like the term congruence, by which I mean that what I am experiencing inside is present in my awareness and comes out though my communication. In a sense when I have this quality I am all in one piece in the relationship. There is another word that describes it for me; I feel that in the relationship I would like to have transparency. I would be quite willing for my client to see all the way through me and that there would be nothing hidden, and when I’m real in this fashion that I’m trying to describe, I know that my own feelings will often bubble up into awareness and will be expressed, but be expressed in ways that won’t impose themselves on my client.† (You Tube 2010). Despite Rogers’ insistence that being congruent with clients is of paramount importance, a number of studies over the years have shown that no significant relationship exists between levels of congruence and outcomes in the therapeutic relationship (Klein et al 2002, Orlinsky et al 2004, Burckell and Goldried 2006, Feifel and Eells, 1963). In contrast Cooper (2008) has suggested that this may be because it is a ‘high frequency’ event in therapy and therefore the correlation between genuineness and outcome are not truly recognised†. Without an empathetic response from the therapist I believe that the client would not feel valued or understood and the therapeutic relationship would break down. 4. In the development of self-concept Rogers also stated that the fourth condition – unconditional positive regard – the complete acceptance and support for a person no matter what they say or do – is necessary for self-actualization. By showing unconditional positive regard, or prizing, clients are said to feel valued and so accepted and take responsibility for themselves (Rogers 1957:98). Conversely, I believe self-actualization is thwarted by conditional positive regard when acceptance is dependent on the positive or negative evaluation of a person’s actions. Those raised in an environment of conditional positive regard, Rogers felt, only feel worthy if they match conditions laid down by others – conditions of worth – which, in turn, can lead to shaping themselves determined not by their organismic valuing or actualizing tendency, but by a society that may or may not truly have their best interests at heart. 5. The fifth core concept states that the counsellor should experience an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference. Each of us perceives and responds to our environments as a unified and organised whole, and each forms their unique frame of reference. Our understanding of the world is shaped through our experiences, and each time these are interpreted on the basis of our personal value system. In order for a therapist to understand a client’s behaviour it should be from the internal frame of reference of the client. Empathy is not just listening but trying to feel the experiences and feelings that the other person has at that moment in time. It involves stepping into their shoes and laying aside one’s own perceptions, values, perspectives and meanings as far as possible. If the therapist attempts to understand the client on the basis of his/her own personal experiences, this would be an external frame of reference. When the therapist remains within the client’s frame of reference, which is his/her own understanding of the world, it enhances empathy and promotes unconditional positive regard. Holding an external frame of reference might convey to the client that the therapist has their own agenda or is criticising the client. The question is, would the therapeutic process take place if the counsellor did not enter the client’s world so personally? From the large number of studies that have been carried out in an attempt to measure client’s reaction to the therapist’s empathy, the evidence shows it to be a ‘demonstrably effective element of the therapeutic relationship’ (Steering Committee, 2002). 6. The sixth and final condition – client perception – is as important as all the others, and is complementary to the idea that the first condition – psychological contact – is continued. Rogers (1959:213) wrote: ‘that the client perceives, at least to a minimal degree, conditions 4 and 5 – the unconditional positive regard of the therapist for the client – and the empathetic understanding of the therapist’. To some degree client perception has been ignored over the years. Tudor in 2000 referred to it as â€Å"the lost condition†. Sanders (2004) states that â€Å"Carl Rogers made it clear that the client was the centre of the therapeutic process, and furthermore it was the client who had the final say as to whether the ‘therapist-provided conditions’ were actually provided (as opposed to being assumed by the therapist)†. Dagmar Pescitelli (1996) argues that the theory of client-centred therapy may not be effective for severe psychopathologies such as schizophrenia (deemed to have a strong biological component) or other disorders such as phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or even severe depression (currently effectively treated with drugs and cognitive behavioural therapy, or CBT). Pescitelli (1996) cites one meta-analysis of psychotherapy effectiveness that looked at 400 studies, and person-centred therapy was found least effective. In fact, it was no more effective than the placebo condition (Glass 1983; cited in Krebs & Blackman, 1988). In contrast, meta-analyses of client-centred therapy as a whole support the theory that it is an efficacious and effective form of therapy, no matter what ‘Tribe’. It is similar to other orientations such as CBT and psychodynamic therapy, with evidence indicating that all schools may be efficacious for clients with depressive, traumatic, schizophrenic and health related problems, but there is less evidence on the impact of anxiety disorders (Elliott, Greenberg et al., 2004).

Nueva México or Nuevo México

Both Nueva Mà ©xico or Nuevo Mà ©xico  are in fairly common use, and an argument can even be made for a third spelling, Nuevo Mà ©jico. But, the strongest argument rests with Nuevo Mà ©xico, for two main reasons: Nuevo Mà ©xico is the spelling used by the Diccionario de la lengua espaà ±ola, the Royal Spanish Academys dictionary and the closest thing there is to an internationally accepted standard for the language.Nuevo Mà ©xico is the spelling that appears to be preferred by the New Mexico state government. While the feminine form can be found occasionally on state-run websites, the masculine form is far, far more common. Both the masculine and feminine forms have a long history. The first well-known book about the area — an epic poem and travelogue — was Historia de la Nueva Mà ©xico written by Capità ¡n Gaspar de Villagrà ¡ in 1610. Indeed, many older writings use the feminine form, while the masculine form predominates today. The default gender for place names is masculine for place names that dont end in an unstressed -a. But the New place names are a common exception — for example, New York is Nueva York and New Jersey is Nueva Jersey. New Orleans is Nueva Orleà ¡ns, although that can be explained by its derivation from the French name, which is feminine. Both Nueva Hampshire and Nuevo Hampshire are used in referring to New Hampshire. Theres a Nueva Londres in Paraguay, and the city of New London in Connecticut is sometimes referred to by that name as well in Spanish-language texts. Perhaps it is the influence of the many Nueva place names that encourages continued use of Nueva Mà ©xico in popular speech and writing. As to the use of  Nuevo Mà ©jico (the pronunciation is the same as for Nuevo Mà ©xico, where the x is pronounced like the Spanish j, not as in English), its considered an acceptable spelling by the Academy. Its the spelling used in state law for the pledge to the state flag and in the Spanish-language state song. However, there is also a bilingual state song, and it uses the spelling Nuevo Mà ©xico. So take your pick.